It could be any of the circuits supplied by this fuse. Hopefully all will be OK when you chane it, if not, you need to do some elimination to see what blows the fuse.
Sometimes a fuse can look OK but be blown. Test it with a meter or borrow one from a working circuit. If it still doesn't work, it needs someone who knows about electrics.
Are you saying you know the emergency flashers are working because they make a sound?
Have you looked at the lights on the outside to see if they are really working? Do the right and left indicators on the dashboard light up for the emergency flashers? The same questions apply for the right & left turn signals.
We need to know if you have a problem with the flasher circuit or are you having a problem with the dashboard indicators, since you also have a problem with the trip odometer.
Is it only trip odometer not working, or does the main odometer not work as well?
Edit: The wiring diagrams show that a 7.5 A fuse labelled "TURN" located on the interior "lower finish panel" is responsible for the turn signals. It looks like this is located above the driver left knee on North American vehicles.
To fix the turn signals you'll need the schematics and someone with electrical signal tracing ability.
I do know that in many vehicles the 4-way emergency flasher switch disables the left/right turn signals when it's pushed. If the 4-way switch is not reconnecting them when it's released the signals won't work. A loose connection at the 4-way switch or a bad switch can cause the problem if the 4.1 RAV4 is wired that way.
With the additional information you have provided ( especially that the trip odometer is working) you have confirmed the trouble is with the signal lights and not a dashboard problem.
I have looked at the schematics that Dr. Dyno mentioned, and I can confirm that the problem is most likely with the 4-way emergency flasher switch. The circuit for the directional signals pass through that switch when it is in the non-operated position.
You can determine this is the cause by removing the 4-way flasher switch and unplugging the connector from it. Place a jumper wire between the 2 red/green wires and your directional signals should work normally.